時(shí)間:2023-10-08 15:44:13
導(dǎo)語(yǔ):在小學(xué)語(yǔ)文匯總的撰寫(xiě)旅程中,學(xué)習(xí)并吸收他人佳作的精髓是一條寶貴的路徑,好期刊匯集了九篇優(yōu)秀范文,愿這些內(nèi)容能夠啟發(fā)您的創(chuàng)作靈感,引領(lǐng)您探索更多的創(chuàng)作可能。

My grandma is over seventy now. These days she doesn't feel well, and her legs hurt. This afternoon my father and I took her to the hospital. The doctor looked her over carefully. He said that she was in good health, but people get all kinds of illness as they got older. He also said that she would get well in the coming spring.
I know my grandma has done much for our family. Now she is getting old, and it's time for me to look after her. I'll try my best to make her live happy.(約95字)
小學(xué)四年級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文:秋天的顏色 The Colour of Autumn
Autumn comes , it gets cooler and cooler. The sky is blue and the clouds are white. You would say autumn is blue and white.
Look ! Birds are flying from the north to the south. The leaves are yellow. Some are hanging on the trees, some are on the ground ,some are dancing in the wind. Someone would say autumn is yellow.
There are so many fruits in autumn in Xinxing . Pears ,peaches. Mangos, oranges and so on. They're fresh and healthy.(約80字)
小學(xué)四年級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文:I love my bedroom
I have a bedroom .It is not big , but it is nice .There is a bed in my bedroom . A yellow dog is on the bed .Every night,I sleep with it . Next to the bed, there is a desk. A bear lamp is on the desk .I like the bear lamp. It's cute. I like to do homework under the lamp every evening. I have a new computer in my bedroom .It is my best friend . Because I study at it, play at it . There are also several beautiful pictures on the wall.
I like my bedroom. Do you like it?(約100字)
小學(xué)四年級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文:關(guān)于世界杯的英語(yǔ)作文
The World Cup is held once every four years. This year, the World Cup matches will be held in South Africa.
The whole tournament will take one month. This year, it will start from June 11 and the final match will be held on July 11.
There will be 32 nations participating in the World Cup. If I go there, I can watch 64 matches in total.(約64字)
An appleMy teacherA day of my holidayThe ants and the cricketA Pregnant womanA story about my childhoodOur schoolMy friend and ILet’s have a nice dayPlanting TreesI Love My FamilyHow to get to the science museumI am meA Bad ColdZoom’s WeekendTom’s HolidayFamily membersMy favoriter TV showsMy every dayLearning habitsA reportA great inventionRules change our lifeA Farewell PartyMy best friendMy Weekend planNext stepI like to do houseworkThe pig pageMid-Autumn festivalThe music fountain
Intense gameThe importance of educationThe benefits of travelingMy mother on a business tripTo be patientAn interesting dreamwhere there is a will there is a wayBeloved toyThe book is good-lookingFamilyWonderful dreamRed Trees and Red CatsPolar Bears Need HelpThe Missing Chance失去的機(jī)會(huì)My English Teacher我的英語(yǔ)老師Happy Summer快樂(lè)的夏天A Terrible Day可怕的一天一次活動(dòng)My Favorite Singer我最喜歡的歌手
更多信息資訊請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊:
一年級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文
二年級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文
三年級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文
四年級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文
【關(guān)鍵詞】 小學(xué)生;行為問(wèn)題;社會(huì)能力;受虐待兒童;綜合干預(yù)
A Study on Effect of Comprehensive Intervention on Behavioral Problem and Social Behavior of Abused Pupils. Zhu Xianghua, Li Jiao, Wang Chengdong, et al. Psychological Health Institute of Xuzhou, Xuzhou 221004, P.R.China
【Abstract】 Objective To explore and examine the effect of comprehensive intervention on behavioral problem of abused pupils. Methods 179 children from a common primary school in Xuzhou were investigated by Personal Report of Childhood Abuse(PRCA) and Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL). 179 children were randomly divided into intervention group(n=88) and control group(n=91). Comprehensive intervention was given to intervention group for two months. After intervention, Personal Report of Childhood Abuse and Child Behavior Checklist were tested again. Results The results show that the decrease of child abuse rate and behavioral problem in intervention group are significantly higher than those of control group(33.8% vs 20.5%, χ2=5.13, P
【Key words】 Pupils; Behavioral problem; Social behavior; Abused Children; Comprehensive Intervention
1 引 言
前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兒童期虐待可對(duì)兒童的心理發(fā)展造成嚴(yán)重的不良影響,會(huì)導(dǎo)致兒童情緒調(diào)節(jié)、社會(huì)功能和行為、自我意識(shí)發(fā)展的長(zhǎng)期損害,與成年以后各種人格障礙、精神障礙和心理生理障礙的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[1-5]。值得慶幸的是,很多受虐待兒童具有較強(qiáng)的可塑性,在有效的干預(yù)和良好的環(huán)境中,能夠繼續(xù)健康發(fā)展[6]。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)的研究主要集中在對(duì)兒童虐待流行情況的調(diào)查和危險(xiǎn)因素的探討上,至今還沒(méi)有對(duì)干預(yù)策略進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的研究。因此,我們針對(duì)兒童虐待的干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行了嘗試。
2 對(duì)象與方法
2.1 研究對(duì)象 2006年6月,整群抽取徐州市某小學(xué)四年級(jí)4個(gè)班186名學(xué)生,進(jìn)行基線資料的調(diào)查,發(fā)放問(wèn)卷186份,剔除無(wú)效問(wèn)卷后收回有效問(wèn)卷179份,有效率96%,其中男生85人,女生94人,年齡9~12歲,平均年齡10.5±0.7歲,均為城市人口。把4個(gè)班隨機(jī)分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組各2個(gè)班,其中,干預(yù)組88人,男43人,女45人,平均年齡10.6±0.8歲;對(duì)照組91人,男42人,女49人,平均年齡10.4±0.6歲。兩組兒童的性別、年齡無(wú)明顯差異。干預(yù)組接受2個(gè)月的綜合干預(yù);對(duì)照組原則上不采取任何措施,如果出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題可提供適當(dāng)幫助。
2.2 研究方法
2.2.1 測(cè)查前培訓(xùn) 由2名主任醫(yī)師對(duì)參與研究人員進(jìn)行集中培訓(xùn),提高調(diào)查和干預(yù)技術(shù)的一致性。
2.2.2 調(diào)查工具 ①兒童期虐待史自評(píng)量表(Personal Report of Childhood Abuse,PRCA)[7]:由朱相華等根據(jù)WHO關(guān)于兒童虐待的定義編制。共有19個(gè)條目,采用Likert“1~5”5級(jí)評(píng)分法,分為軀體虐待、情感虐待、待和忽視4個(gè)分量表。分量表內(nèi)部各條目之和作為分量表分,把各分量表分之和作為總量表分。該量表各因子和總分的重測(cè)信度為0.46~0.70,Cronbach's α系數(shù)為0.73~0.99,具有良好的信度,內(nèi)容效度和校標(biāo)效度也較好。②Achenbach兒童行為量表(child behavior checklist;CBCL):由Achenbach編制,1991年修訂。由兒童的父母填寫(xiě),分為社會(huì)能力、行為問(wèn)題兩部分。行為問(wèn)題共113個(gè)條目,男女各包括9個(gè)分量表,分?jǐn)?shù)越高行為問(wèn)題越大;各行為問(wèn)題因子中有1個(gè)或以上的分?jǐn)?shù)超過(guò)6~11歲中國(guó)兒童行為因子常模分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即可定為有行為問(wèn)題。社會(huì)能力部分,共12個(gè)條目,包括活動(dòng)情況、社交情況和學(xué)校情況3個(gè)分量表,分?jǐn)?shù)越高能力越好[8]。
2.2.3 干預(yù)方法 干預(yù)時(shí)間為2個(gè)月。①教師干預(yù):每?jī)芍?次,向教師講解兒童虐待的有關(guān)知識(shí);爭(zhēng)取任課教師的配合,要求他們多關(guān)心幫助、理解和鼓勵(lì)訓(xùn)練兒童。②學(xué)生干預(yù):每周1次,由教師主持,與兒童進(jìn)行團(tuán)體互動(dòng)游戲,增進(jìn)交流,增加情感支持;對(duì)兒童的適宜行為進(jìn)行獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),加強(qiáng)正強(qiáng)化。③家長(zhǎng)干預(yù):每?jī)芍?次,由班主任以家長(zhǎng)會(huì)形式招集學(xué)生家長(zhǎng),介紹兒童虐待的形式、危害,防范兒童虐待的必要性和措施,以及合理的教育方式。④媒體宣傳:在當(dāng)?shù)氐墓俜骄W(wǎng)站等媒體宣傳心理健康和兒童虐待方面的知識(shí),增加對(duì)虐待現(xiàn)象的輿論壓力。
2.2.4 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查 向各班班主任說(shuō)明調(diào)查的目的及意義,由班主任招集學(xué)生的父母,發(fā)放問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查,按指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)填寫(xiě),不明白的問(wèn)題由調(diào)查人員現(xiàn)場(chǎng)解釋?zhuān)瑸楸WC調(diào)查的真實(shí)性、可靠性,均不填寫(xiě)姓名,根據(jù)學(xué)生的學(xué)號(hào)進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷編號(hào)。分別在綜合干預(yù)前、干預(yù)結(jié)束半年后進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷測(cè)評(píng)。
2.2.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法 采用SPSS for windows 13.0建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)、重復(fù)測(cè)量的方差分析、回歸分析和卡方檢驗(yàn)等統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
3 結(jié) 果
3.1 干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組學(xué)生一般情況的比較 干預(yù)結(jié)束半年后進(jìn)行再次測(cè)評(píng)時(shí),有32名兒童家長(zhǎng)自動(dòng)退出研究,其中干預(yù)組脫失14人,7名男生,7名女生;對(duì)照組脫失18人,8名男生,10名女生。樣本脫失率為17.9%。未脫失者與脫失者的平均年齡、性別、受虐待和行為問(wèn)題情況無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05)。在本研究中,把脫失者的資料進(jìn)行了剔除(見(jiàn)表1)。把脫失者剔除出研究后,最終完成研究的干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組在入組時(shí)的性別、年齡、受虐待和行為問(wèn)題情況無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05)(見(jiàn)表2)。
3.2 兩組學(xué)生干預(yù)前后行為問(wèn)題和受虐待的變化情況比較 見(jiàn)表3。研究顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,經(jīng)過(guò)綜合干預(yù)后,干預(yù)組學(xué)生的行為問(wèn)題和受虐待率下降較明顯,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。雖然沒(méi)有接受干預(yù)措施,對(duì)照組半年后的受虐待率也明顯下降(χ2=6.239,P
3.3 干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組學(xué)生干預(yù)前后社會(huì)能力量表得分的比較 見(jiàn)表4。本研究采用重復(fù)測(cè)量的方差分析,以了解干預(yù)因素、時(shí)間因素和交互作用,合理地判斷干預(yù)的效果。干預(yù)前后活動(dòng)情況和社交情況得分有顯著性差異(P0.05);干預(yù)因素的主效應(yīng)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),即干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組得分的改變無(wú)顯著性差異。干預(yù)前后學(xué)校情況分和社會(huì)能力總分沒(méi)有明顯變化(P>0.05),干預(yù)因素的主效應(yīng)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),即干預(yù)因素對(duì)學(xué)校情況分和社會(huì)能力總分無(wú)顯著影響。
4 討 論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過(guò)綜合干預(yù)后,干預(yù)組學(xué)生的受虐待率的減少程度比對(duì)照組明顯,說(shuō)明對(duì)學(xué)生的家長(zhǎng)和老師進(jìn)行有關(guān)兒童虐待的健康教育、加大社會(huì)輿論的壓力,有助于減少兒童虐待現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。雖然沒(méi)有接受干預(yù)措施,對(duì)照組學(xué)生的受虐待率也明顯減少,可能是因?yàn)閷?duì)照組家長(zhǎng)也受到了輿論氛圍的影響,或者與隨著受虐待時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),兒童的“與施虐者認(rèn)同”的心理特征逐漸明顯,不再認(rèn)為那些行為與虐待有關(guān)[3,4]。
前期研究表明,有受虐待經(jīng)歷的小學(xué)生行為問(wèn)題明顯,社會(huì)能力發(fā)展不良[3,9]。本研究顯示,經(jīng)過(guò)綜合干預(yù)后,干預(yù)組學(xué)生的行為問(wèn)題明顯減少,且效果比對(duì)照組顯著,說(shuō)明綜合干預(yù)措施能夠有效改善受虐待者的行為問(wèn)題。重復(fù)測(cè)量的方差分析顯示,干預(yù)前后學(xué)校情況分和社會(huì)能力總分沒(méi)有明顯變化,活動(dòng)情況和社交情況得分雖有顯著變化,也不是干預(yù)因素的效果,說(shuō)明綜合干預(yù)很難在短期內(nèi)改善受虐待兒童的社會(huì)能力,而且兒童的社交問(wèn)題會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)進(jìn)一步加重。
回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),干預(yù)前活動(dòng)情況越好的兒童干預(yù)后活動(dòng)情況分增長(zhǎng)越明顯,但社交能力分反而隨著時(shí)間的延續(xù)出現(xiàn)下降,說(shuō)明即便干預(yù)后兒童受虐待現(xiàn)象明顯減少,且給予了一些干預(yù)措施,受虐待兒童的社交能力的損害可能仍然繼續(xù)加重。這個(gè)結(jié)果有待于進(jìn)一步研究驗(yàn)證,若要有效改善兒童的社會(huì)能力尚需要探討更好的干預(yù)方案,本研究只是一個(gè)喜憂(yōu)參半的嘗試。
5 參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]朱相華,李嬌,梁光利,等.兒童期受虐待中專(zhuān)學(xué)生的身心癥狀與述情障礙.中國(guó)心理衛(wèi)生雜志,2006,20:581-583
[2]朱相華,魏賢玉,王成東,等.兒童期虐待對(duì)中專(zhuān)學(xué)生的心理健康狀況及社交功能的影響.中國(guó)行為醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué),2006,15:407-408
[3]朱相華,李嬌,陶敏,等.兒童虐待對(duì)小學(xué)生行為問(wèn)題的影響.中國(guó)行為醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué),2007,16:143-145
[4]朱相華,楊永杰,李嬌,等.受虐待小學(xué)生自我概念的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)及其與虐待經(jīng)歷的關(guān)系.中國(guó)行為醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué),2007,16:62-64
[5]朱相華,沈?qū)W武,楊永杰,等.神經(jīng)癥患者不安全感心理及其與兒童期虐待的關(guān)系.中國(guó)行為醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué),2006,15:1087-1089
[6]Bolger KE, Patterson CJ, Kupersmitt JB. Peer relationships and self-esteem among children who have been maltreated. Child Development,1998,69:1171-1197
[7]朱相華,李嬌,楊永杰,等.兒童期虐待史自評(píng)量表的信度與效度分析.中國(guó)行為醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué),2006,15:1045-1047
[8]徐韜園.Achenbach兒童行為量表(CBCL).中國(guó)行為醫(yī)學(xué)編輯委員會(huì)編.行為醫(yī)學(xué)量表手冊(cè).北京:中華醫(yī)學(xué)電子音像出版社,2005:455-459